Stress is a generic concept describing the body’s reaction to external stimuli, including both physiological and psychological factors. (2010) Stages of initial riding training Lunging, riding, free halt, walk, trot, canter 10-20 min x x. (2012) double bridle with or without noseband Standing halt 10 minxfacial temperature Schmidt et al. (2007) Two different degrees of poll flexion Treadmill trot 7 min xxpO2, pCO2, HCO3, pH, BE, PCV, lactate, glucose Kienapfel (2011) head and neck postures Standing halt 10 sx McGreevy et al. (2006) head and neck postures trot, canter 6 min xxriders' subjective impression blood lactate, packed cell colume, pH, bicarbonate, pC02, Glucose, electrolytes, creatinine kinase, van Breda (2006) Dressage vs recreational horses halt after exercise for 10 min 30-45 min after test x xxtotal HF and LF von Competition vs training halt, walk, trot, canter before, 0, 15 min past test x xxx acute exercie Treadmill Indivi-duals' maxi-mum speed >2 min xxbeta-endorphin, oxygen uptake, blood leucocyte numbers and immune cell subsets, lymphocyte proliveration response De Rantere et al. xmuscle soreness, muscle tightness scores plasma lactate, serum creatine kinase activity Sloet van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan et al. (2008) Different weight loads trot, canter. (2013) Therapeutic vs recreational riders walk 5 and 30 min after exercise Powell et al. 5 min (x) xx (x)tongue colour, quantitiy of visible saliva Christensen (2013) head and neck postures walk, trot, canter 10 min x xx xx xrein tension Fazio et al. (2011) Questionnaire on problem behaviour walk, trot, canter long-term (years)stereotypies, problem behaviour walk, trot, canter ca. Behaviour score 3 Other behavioural and performancerelated parameters Additional physiolgical parameters Normando et al. Further experiments should aim to investigate differences in stimulus intensity. Potential relevance: Although a negatively reinforced approach appears beneficial for habituation, the procedure should be carefully managed due to increased stress responses in the horse, which may constitute a safety risk. On the next day, however, NR horses spent significantly less time investigating the objects and had a shorter latency to approach a feed container, placed next to the objects, indicating increased habituation.Ĭonclusion: A negatively reinforced approach to novel objects increases stress responses during the initial exposure but facilitates habituation in young horses. The NR horses had a significantly longer duration of alertness and a higher max heart rate in the first session. Results: All VOL horses initially avoided the unknown objects, whereas the handler was able to get all NR horses to approach and stand next to the objects within the first 2 min session. Behavioural and heart rate responses were recorded. On the next day, the horses were exposed to the objects again without a human handler, to investigate the rate of habituation. The other half were individually released in the arena and were free to explore the objects (VOL group). Half of the horses (NR group) were negatively reinforced by a familiar human handler to approach a collection of novel objects in a test arena. Methods: Twenty-two 2–3-year-old Danish Warmblood geldings were included. Objectives: 1) To investigate whether horses show increased stress responses when negatively reinforced to approach novel objects, compared with horses allowed to voluntarily explore the objects and 2) whether a negatively reinforced approach facilitates object habituation. However, the effectiveness of different habituation techniques has not been investigated in detail. Reasons for performing the study: The ability of horses to habituate to novel objects influences safety in the horse–human relationship.
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